Essay convincing students of the benefits of studying abroad - 1

Convincing students of the benefits of studying abroad - Essay Example Students get to interact with the locals on a daily basis and through this they learn and experience the culture of the host society. They learn new customs, traditions, foods, social conventions, beliefs, and values, experiencing the cultures in depth. With the new experience, students learn to appreciate their culture and the new culture. Interacting with new cultures make the students break cultural barriers they had before. Being in a foreign country, offers students the chance to visit tourist attractions such as museums, landmarks and natural wonders in the host country. Studying abroad provides an opportunity to learn a foreign language. Students often learn foreign languages in classrooms while in their countries and rarely get to practice it in real life settings. Learning abroad provides the environment to improve one’s language skills. As students interact with peers, they practice and perfect their skills regarding the foreign language (McKeown 42). Written language sometimes differs from the spoken language, being immersed in the culture, they have firsthand experience even learning slang, which is not taught in the classroom. Different countries have varied styles of education. The same concepts that students study may be expressed in a new style that is different from their country of origin. When student from different backgrounds study together, they discover new ways to study and research. Ideas they share are from diverse perspectives, influenced by varied experiences and cultures. Their discussions have a global perspective, avoiding bias influenced by one way of life. Global problems influenced by differences in cultures and religions are understood and addressed with informed sensitivity Students abroad find themselves alone, often for the first time, in a foreign country. They have new found freedom and responsibility. Studying

How to Write a Good Dental School Essay Example for Free

How to Write a Good Dental School Essay This article was created by a professional writer and edited by experienced copy editors, both qualified members of the Demand Media Studios community. All articles go through an editorial process that includes subject matter guidelines, plagiarism review, fact-checking, and other steps in an effort to provide reliable information. By WayneS, eHow Contributor Writing a good dental school essay may may be the difference between being accepted and rejected. An important part of applying to dental schools is writing a personal essay. The essay provides applicants with a chance to relate the attributes they would bring to the school and show their commitment to the field. It also offers applicants a chance to demonstrate how dental school will fulfill their professional and personal goals. Essays can be a deciding factor when schools make admission decisions, so applicants should put a lot of careful time and effort into writing them. Instructions Devote a lot of time to brainstorming. A clear understanding of exactly what you want to say is a necessary step when writing a compelling and effective dental school essay. While brainstorming, keep the three major goals of the essay in mind. First, establish exactly why you want to be a dentist. Second, think of any personal experiences that will prove helpful in dental school. Finally, search for qualities that would make you a good dentist. These can include schoolwork, clinical experience and community activities. Think of personal stories that will show you can be successful in dental school and dentistry. These stories should demonstrate the compassion needed to be a good dentist and identify experiences and skills youwill bring to dental school. Start the essay by using one of these stories. This will draw the reader into the essay more effectively than a list of accomplishments. Organize the essay. Determine the major points that you need to make in the essay and organize stories and information around those points. Instead of just relating all the stories at one time, organize the essay by topics. One topic can be how you have enthusiasm for the field. Then, use stories and information to demonstrate that enthusiasm. Â  Write the essay so it reflects the way you speak. It should flow naturally and be easy to read, not pedantic and full of jargon. The purpose is to sell yourself to show how you would be a great asset to the school and the field of dentistry. Â  Avoid cliches and worn-out themes. Use stories and practical examples to show the why the school should admit you. Do not just say that the you are committed or enjoy helping people. Provide practical examples of this commitment and desire to help. Have someone with a solid journalism or English background proofread the essay. Typos and misspellings can make you appear unprofessional and increase the chances of rejection.

Traveling with Fuller and Thoreau Essay -- Literary Analysis, Summer o

Traveling with Fuller and Thoreau The mid 1800’s was a time of continued physical exploration of the landscape of America, and an era of opportunity for an intimate inspection of the land; areas sometimes found by the traveler with the assistance of Travel Journals and maps. These detailed records, reflected a destination, and also allowed an intellectual travel of the mind. In Margaret Fuller’s, â€Å"Summer on the Lake,† and Henry David Thoreau, â€Å"Cape Cod,† we experience both their physical, and internal travels, and how each author relates, both physically and mentally, to the natural landscape; the similarities, the differences, and what elucidated each, to seek their journeys. The observed, physical differences of the natural landscapes will be compared, followed by a deeper encounter with Thoreau, as to why, and to whom, his more desolate and dark descriptions of the natural landscape, reached a distinctive, psychological appeal, and how these two views relate to contemporary America. Just the title, â€Å"Summer on the Lake,† creates a refreshing image of glistening water and sunshine, surrounded by evergreens and the voices of children at play, right? As well it should, for that is what the author, Margaret Fuller, had intended to experience as she traveled that summer of 1843, to the Great Lakes. Margaret describes the many travel books and journals she studied to prepare for her trip. â€Å"Murray’s travels I read, and was charmed by their accuracy and clear broad tone.† (Fuller p.27) Yes, she was â€Å"charmed† by another’s words; another’s description of a place she had yet to travel. She Schoener 2 was expecting to find beauty an... ...cape of America, it is even more so today. The major difference is that we are able to learn from authors like Thoreau and Fuller, not to just read the words, but to â€Å"see† what they are saying, and to use that knowledge to envision a landscape that is not just in a travel book, or on a sandy beach, but one that is truly ubiquitous. References: Emerson, RW. The Portable Emerson. Viking Edition:1981 Fuller, Margaret. Summer on the Lakes. Reprint 2010 Thoreau, HD. The Portable Thoreau. Viking-Penguin Edition 1977 Thoreau, HD. Cape Cod. Dover Publications. 2004 Encyclopedia Britannica, online â€Å"Transcendentalism† 2010 Abrams: Class notes: 10-4 through 10-25 Note: RE: Fuller. My text was missing the intro-page 7. I used several other editions found online to gather information, therefore, my page numbers may not relate correctly to any one edition.

Do Children Have False Memories

Citing relevant research, state and explain your opinion of the reliability of the testimony of a 5 year old child who accuses an adult of serious sexual abuse. It’s very easy to look at children’s testimony from a psychologist or a researcher’s perspective, but how would we respond if we were faced with a situation where a 5 year old child is accusing an adult of serious sexual abuse?Would we be quick to dismiss the strong accusation or would we examine the possibility of this event. In this essay evidence for and against the reliability of children’s testimony is evaluated, especially considering a delicate matter such as sexual abuse. It will start by outlining what developmental and cognitive psychologists have discovered to date about children’s memory capacity and how it differs from that of adults; then the focus will shift to literature on sexual abuse.Memory or remembering operates like any other aspect of development studied, its developme nt is gradual, and this goes to say that children without doubt, don’t possess the same ability to remember as adults. The digit span for memory seems to increase with age, so for example a child of 3yrs will remember about 2 words and a child of 4 will remember 3 words from a presented list of word, and these are likely to be the last words (recency effect( Meadows,1986).There are three areas of memory that seem to show improvement in children as we progress through development: basic capacity, the amount of information that can be remembered in STM, children will develop strategies that will help transfer information into LTM and finally they will also have greater world knowledge; which means a greater context allowing for the integration of new information, therefore new memories. (Meadows, 1986) There are many reasons why children show these deficits in memory.One of them is because they lack meta-cognition, basic beliefs and knowledge about memory, its dynamics, which i s fundamental for understanding how information is learned. Children clearly don’t possess this meta-cognitive awareness to monitor past experiences and performance to update resource allocation strategies. (Castel, Humphreys, Lee, Balota and McCabe, 2011) This previous paragraphs were to convey the fact that children do have distinct abilities compared to adults, this tells us that their recall for witnessed events might lack in accuracy.When we ask a child to give testimony for witnessing an event we are asking them to access their autobiographical memory, which includes a sketchy version of personal memories and experiences, diluted from all unnecessary details. This type of memory is highly subject to biases in attempting to maintain continuity and it often doesn’t follow the temporal frame. Can children accurately recall events that they experience in the past accurately or do they often develop false memories of events that never took place? Some studies show tha t children as young as 5 can remember events quite well even after a period of delay preceding recall. Flin, Boon, Knox and Bull (1992) gave children a talk on how to keep their feet clean, while the talk was happening an assistant staged tripping over and knocking over a side carousel. Recall was taken the day after the talk and 5 months later, similar to court proceedings. There was no relation found between age and amount of information recalled the following day, children age 6 recalled 17/ 26 items and adults recalled 18/26 items. However Flinn et al found that 5 months later 6 yr olds recall had decreased by 40 %.This study shows that children can remember quite well, however those memories are not fully stored in LTM . This event however isn’t a real life event neither is it of distressing nature like most events children are called to testify for in court cases. This could justify the high recall even for the younger children. Research by Goodman, Hirschman, Hepps and Rudy (1991); Peterson and Whalen (2001) and many more agree that children can actually remember stressful events very well and without doubt sexual abuse of any kind is a stressful enough situation which victims should remember well.Children can give accurate testimony following sexual victimisation, supported by evidence from allegations and high rate of omission errors instead of reporting unsupported events, (Birdrose & Goodman, 2000) More interestingly research has shown that children can easily develop false memories, known as memories of events that never took place (Loftus, 2004). A good example was -the Mc Martin trial . In this controversial trial a school teacher was accused of ritually abusing children.The charges against the teacher were eventually dropped, as some of the children recalled very ambiguous events, such as being taken on an helicopter to a far away farm to witness a horse while it was beaten. It is believed that they were suggestively interviewed and then developed enough details to make these become real memories. (Schreiber et al, 2006). Prevalence information can strongly influence children’s recall, it seems that children start by considering whether the event is plausible, then proceed to develop thoughts and images about the events, which at that point become mistaken for real memories.In an experiment Otgaar, Candel, Merckelbach and Wade (2009) exposed children age 7-8 and age 11-12 to a description of a real past experience and also that of a false past experience. The real experience was the child’s first day at school; the false one was a description of being abducted by an UFO, prevalence was given by giving them an article about the commonality of UFO abductions. The results showed that children again remembered accurately the real event, this is consistent with (Flin et al, 1992. ; some even were convinced they had been abducted, some even reported things not present in the story; such as being transported by a beam of blue light, clearly indicating formation of a false memory. 70% of younger children remembered being abducted. We cannot totally conclude that children’s memory for bizarre events is always false; however we can say that they can easily develop false memories for implausible events, this is more noticeable in younger child This still isn’t sufficient to answer the question of the reliability of a 5 yr old accusing an adult of abuse.Research suggests that children place an important emphasis on script like representations, basically representations of how events are connected in a stereotypical way, based on prior knowledge of everyday activities, they may use this scripts to fill in details of events even when they are not part of the story, ( Mc Shane 1991). When a child is required to provide eye-witness accounts of what happened during an episode, even when it’s not as severe as sexual abuse, they need to be able to separate that instance from th at in which they are questioned, things they have maybe seen and when they had spoken about it for the first time. Lloyd, Doydum and Newcombe, 2009), psychologist fear they are unable to do this. There is a great influence of prior knowledge on free recall, cued recall, recognition memory and source memory; sometimes children may rely on gist to make conclusions. Odegard, Cooper, Lampinen, Reyna and Brainard (2009) carried out an experiment where children attended 4 thematic birthday parties of fictional characters and were later interviewed regarding the events that took place, some which were generic and some which were specific to the theme of the party.When interviewed using the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) protocol, older children did better than the younger ones at providing both thematic and generic events for the parties, this could be explained by the fact that they possess knowledge of the script of parties and they used this to reconstr uct what happened; however this also led them to make more thematic source errors. It was also found that 45% of 5-6 year olds reported events that didn’t happen or mixed them up between the parties they attended.This is consistent with the previous study in that younger children made more mistakes; Nonetheless this cannot tell us how can a five year old wrongly accuse someone of something they have never heard of or even seen, they don’t posses schemas for these neither do they know whether it’s good or bad. Or how can they develop a false memory of an act of sexual abuse unless they had experienced it. Leander, Christianson and Granhag (2007) examined the eyewitness of 8 children between the ages of 3-10, who had been sexually abused by an unfamiliar perpetrator who was the same in all cases.They focused on the amount and type of information remembered and denial of the assault. The documentation of children’s testimony was found to be consistent with t he confession of the perpetrator, picture evidence, medical examination and police evidence. They found that most children reported things that preceded the abuse and that only 21. 5% of what they reported was of the sexual act, the remaining was neutral information. They youngest child age 3 didn’t say much about both post and pre-abuse factors and only mentioned one fact of sexual nature.The rate of denial and reluctance to report the act was high especially amongst younger children. In this case it was easier to believe that the abuse occurred because there were multiple victims, and enough evidence to give credibility to the children’s testimony. We can imagine that a five year old would not come to an adult saying’ I have been sexually abused’, they probably never eared those terms neither do they know the meaning. This is to say that testimony of abused children may be disconnected often not including any sexual facts, but we shouldn’t be too quick to discard it.Hershkowits and Lanes (2007) found that younger children who don’t understand the concept of abuse are better able to disclose information as they are unlikely to have feelings of guilt and don’t understand the severity of abuse in society. Over the years there has been extensive work on interviewing techniques, Psychologists have developed interviewing techniques to effectively extrapolate information from children, therefore interviewing the child can reveal whether testimony is true or false. Children’s description of real events differs from that of false events.In Hershkowitz (1999) children describing events that really happened provided longer and richer responses to open-ended prompts rather than focused ones. Children who are providing implausible accounts tend to rely of the suggestions of the interviewer and elaborate on them. The study also showed that younger children were more likely to recall implausible false events compared to older ones, so maybe false memories are not only created on the basis of event plausibility; perhaps if a 5 year old was giving a false account of abuse they would exhibit such characteristics.Holcomb and Jacquin (2007) mock sexual abuse trial revealed that the defendant was more likely to be found guilty when a by stander witness was present, unlike when a victim-witness was present; however jurors were more likely to believe young children. Research also shows that children find it difficult to discuss having been sexually abused; many will go through phases of secrecy, helplessness and retraction (Summit, 1983). If a child manages to disclose it, we should assume that there should be a degree of truthfulness if not why go through with it.Sometimes their testimony is characterised by retractions, which throw investigations into chaos and have two meanings: repairing a false allegation or preventing the consequences when it’s true. In a recent court trial Steven Barker, t he step father of Peter Connelly also known a ‘Baby P’ was accused of sexually abusing his 2 yr old sister. The girl disclosed this information to her step mother at the age of 4, the delay might suggest that some details of the could be omitted.The child was subject to very hard questioning and although the jury were divided due to her denial of the act on several accounts, it was proven that she was a victim. Coming to a conclusion isn’t as easy as it could seem and this gives just a brief insight to what jurors are often faced with in court trials that involve young victims of sexual abuse. The most important thing is that the ability to remember of a five yr old should never be taken for granted especially for something as severe as sexual abuse.The evidence shows that can remember stressful events, even with delay, but majority don’t report sexual details, are prone to suggestibility, and can develop false memories. None the less it’s very impr obable that a child, who has never seen nor eared of sexual abuse and hasn’t been fed with the wrong information by parents or even through suggestive interview would confess of having been a victim of sexual abuse. It is better to acknowledge children’s testimony and weight up the evidence. REFERENCES Bidrose, S. & Goodman, G. S. (2000).Testimony and evidence: A scientific case study of memory for child sexual abuse. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 14,  197-213. Castel, A. D. , Humphreys, K. L. , Lee, S. S. , Galvan, A. , Balota, D. A. , & McCabe, D. P. (2011). The development of memory efficiency and value-directed remembering across the life span: A cross-sectional study of memory and selectivity. Developmental Psychology,  47(6), 1553-1564. Flin, R, Boon, J. , Knox, A. And Bull, r. (1992) The effect of a five month delay on children’s and adults, eyewitness memory.British Journal of Psychology, 83 Goodman, G. S. , Hirschman, J. E. , Hepps, D. H. , &Rudy, L . (1991). Children’s memory for stressful l events. Merril Palmer Quarterly, 37, 109–158. Hershkowitz, I. , Lanes, O. , & Lamb, M. E. (2007). Exploring the disclosure of child sexual abuse with alleged victims and their parents. Child Abuse & Neglect,  31(2), 111-123. Hershkowitz, I. (1999). The dynamics of interviews involving plausible and implausible allegations of child sexual abuse. Applied Developmental Science,  3(2), 86-91. Holcomb, M.J. , & Jacquin, K. M. (2007). Juror perceptions of child eyewitness testimony in a sexual abuse trial. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse,  16(2), 79-95. Loftus, E. F. (2004). Memories of things unseen. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13,145–147. Lloyd, M. E. , Doydum, A. O. , & Newcombe, N. S. (2009). Memory binding in early childhood: Evidence for a retrieval deficit. Child Development,  80(5), 1321-1328. Leander, L. , Christianson, S. , & Granhag, P. (2007). A sexual abuse case study children's memories a nd reports.Psychiatry, Psychology And Law,  14(1), 120-129. Meadows, S. (1986). Understanding Child Development. London: Century Hutchinson Ltd. McShane, J. (1991). Cognitive development: . An information processing approach. Cambridge, MA, US: Basil Bruckwell. Otgaar, H. , Candel, I. , Merckelbach, H. , ; Wade, K. A. (2009). Abducted by a UFO: Prevalence information affects young children's false memories for an implausible event. Applied Cognitive Psychology,  23(1), 115-125. Odegard, T. N. , Cooper, C. M. , Lampinen, J. M. , Reyna, V. F. , & Brainerd, C. J. (2009).Children's eyewitness memory for multiple real-life events. Child Development,  80(6), 1877-1890. R. C. Summitt,† The child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome†, Child abuse and Neglect, Vol 7, 2, P. 177-193. Schreiber, N. , Bellah, L. D. , Martinez, Y. , McLaurin, K. A. , Strok, R. , Garven, S. , et al. (2006). Suggestive interviewing in the McMartin Preschool and Kelly Michaels daycare abuse cases: c ase study. Social Influence, 1, 16–47. Tully, B. (2002). The evaluation of retractions in sexual abuse cases. Child Abuse Review,  11(2), 94-102. doi:10. 1002/car. 728

Austin vs Hart

Legal positivism is the thesis that the existence and content of law depends on social facts and not on its merits. The English jurist John Austin (1790-1859) formulated it thus: â€Å"The existence of law is one thing; its merit and demerit another. Whether it be or be not is one enquiry; whether it be or be not conformable to an assumed standard, is a different enquiry. † (1832, p. 157) The positivist thesis does not say that law's merits are unintelligible, unimportant, or peripheral to the philosophy of law. It says that they do not determine whether laws or legal systems exist.Whether a society has a legal system depends on the presence of certain structures of governance, not on the extent to which it satisfies ideals of justice, democracy, or the rule of law. What laws are in force in that system depends on what social standards its officials recognize as authoritative; for example, legislative enactments, judicial decisions, or social customs. The fact that a policy wo uld be just, wise, efficient, or prudent is never sufficient reason for thinking that it is actually the law, and the fact that it is unjust, unwise, inefficient or imprudent is never sufficient reason for doubting it.According to positivism, law is a matter of what has been posited (ordered, decided, practiced, tolerated, etc. ); as we might say in a more modern idiom, positivism is the view that law is a social construction. Austin thought the thesis â€Å"simple and glaring. † While it is probably the dominant view among analytically inclined philosophers of law, it is also the subject of competing interpretations together with persistent criticisms and misunderstandings.

Free Essays on Mercy Or Not!

Each night as I sit down to watch the news or open the paper to a headline screaming â€Å"Kids Attack Again!† I sigh. This dilemma is not growing any smaller no matter how hard we wish for it to do so. Instead it is manifesting and spreading like an unstoppable disease. What our nation faces is a problem that does not have a straight answer. Should the juvenile offenders, we often like to call them as kids, be tried in adult legal systems? Should we throw them away into jail with other hard adult criminals, and not bestow any mercy upon them? Is it right morally and ethically? â€Å"We romance childhood as a time of innocence and beauty†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (William A 1999) I do not have an explanation for this statement when research shows that crime is going up and the age level it is done at is going down. 1998, Springfield, Oregon 15-year-old Kip Kintel opened fire in the cafeteria of Thurston High School. Two were killed, twenty-five wounded. 14-year-old Michael Carnean, in 19 97, pulled out a pistol and began firing on a student prayer group. Three were killed, five wounded. (Chiou H. 2002) 13-year-old Nathaniel Brazil shoots and kills a teacher. 12-year-old Lionel Tate beats to death a 6-year-old playmate. (Little Adult Criminals May 2002 editorial. New York Times N.Y.) 11-year-old Andrew Golden and 13-year-old Mitchell Johnson pulled the fire alarm, and shot at student coming out of the school building. Five were dead, and ten wounded. Who can give us the answers to why such horrendous crimes are done by such young kids? Do we install enough fear into the other kids, by throwing the young offenders into adult jails, locking them up and letting them rot in there to the end? Is it the only solution to solve our problem? It might seem odd to some people but I firmly believe in giving the young criminals a second chance at life. Instead of throwing the youth into prisons where they are â€Å"twice as likely to be beaten or to commit suicide, and five t... Free Essays on Mercy Or Not! Free Essays on Mercy Or Not! Each night as I sit down to watch the news or open the paper to a headline screaming â€Å"Kids Attack Again!† I sigh. This dilemma is not growing any smaller no matter how hard we wish for it to do so. Instead it is manifesting and spreading like an unstoppable disease. What our nation faces is a problem that does not have a straight answer. Should the juvenile offenders, we often like to call them as kids, be tried in adult legal systems? Should we throw them away into jail with other hard adult criminals, and not bestow any mercy upon them? Is it right morally and ethically? â€Å"We romance childhood as a time of innocence and beauty†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (William A 1999) I do not have an explanation for this statement when research shows that crime is going up and the age level it is done at is going down. 1998, Springfield, Oregon 15-year-old Kip Kintel opened fire in the cafeteria of Thurston High School. Two were killed, twenty-five wounded. 14-year-old Michael Carnean, in 19 97, pulled out a pistol and began firing on a student prayer group. Three were killed, five wounded. (Chiou H. 2002) 13-year-old Nathaniel Brazil shoots and kills a teacher. 12-year-old Lionel Tate beats to death a 6-year-old playmate. (Little Adult Criminals May 2002 editorial. New York Times N.Y.) 11-year-old Andrew Golden and 13-year-old Mitchell Johnson pulled the fire alarm, and shot at student coming out of the school building. Five were dead, and ten wounded. Who can give us the answers to why such horrendous crimes are done by such young kids? Do we install enough fear into the other kids, by throwing the young offenders into adult jails, locking them up and letting them rot in there to the end? Is it the only solution to solve our problem? It might seem odd to some people but I firmly believe in giving the young criminals a second chance at life. Instead of throwing the youth into prisons where they are â€Å"twice as likely to be beaten or to commit suicide, and five t...

Pablo Picasso - Biography and Artwork - About.com

Pablo Picasso - Biography and Artwork - About.com Pablo Picasso, also known as Pablo Ruiz y Picasso, was singular in the art world. Not only did he manage to become universally famous in his own lifetime, he was the first artist to successfully use mass media to further his name (and business empire). He also inspired or, in the notable case of Cubism, invented, nearly every art movement in the twentieth century. Movement, Style, School or Period: Several, but best known for (co-)inventing Cubism Date and Place of Birth October 25, 1881, Mlaga, Spain Early Life Picassos father, fortuitously, was an art teacher who quickly realized he had a boy genius on his hands and (almost as quickly) taught his son everything he knew. At the tender age of 14, Picasso passed the entrance exam to the Barcelona School of Fine Arts - in just one day. By the early 1900s, Picasso had moved to Paris, the capital of the arts. There he found friends in Henri Matisse, Joan Mirà ³ and George Braque, and a burgeoning reputation as a painter of note. Body of Work Before, and shortly after, moving to Paris, Picassos painting was in its Blue Period (1900-1904), which eventually gave way to his Rose Period (1905-1906). It wasnt until 1907, though, that Picasso really raised a commotion in the art world. His painting Les Demoiselles dAvignon marked the beginning of Cubism. Having caused such a stir, Picasso spent the next 15 years seeing what, exactly, could be done with Cubism (such as putting paper and bits of string in a painting, thus inventing the collage). The Three Musicians (1921), pretty much summed up Cubism for Picasso. For the rest of his days, no one style could maintain a hold on Picasso. In fact, he was known to use two or more different styles, side by side, within a single painting. One notable exception is his surrealistic painting Guernica (1937), arguably one of the greatest pieces of social protest ever created. Picasso lived long and, indeed, prospered. He grew fabulously wealthy from his phenomenal output (including erotically themed ceramics), took up with younger and younger women, entertained the world with his outspoken remarks, and painted almost right up until he died at the age of 91. Date and Place of Death April 8, 1973, Mougins, France Quote Only put off until tomorrow what you are willing to die having left undone.

Tree Disks and the Cross-Sections of Tree Limbs, Trunks

Tree Disks and the Cross-Sections of Tree Limbs, Trunks For those of you who dont know what a tree cookie is, a  tree cookie is a sliced portion of a tree trunk or limb that can show each and every annual ring on a viewable plane. A tree cross-section disk or cookie can be one of the best botanical teaching aids to kids and adults on things happening in a tree and environmental effects on trees. It is especially effective visually in conifer specimens and more specifically pine. Finding the Perfect Tree Cookie Selecting a tree species that shows well is important when showing annual ring structure. Species that display visible dark annual rings are pines, spruces, cedar, and firs. Conifers used as Christmas trees are great for this if you use a real tree over the holiday. The wood is soft, easy to cut, and sand, and always displays nice rings. Deciduous or broad-leaved trees can show nice rings by cutting their thick faster-growing branches (that also contain annual rings). Best trees for branch collections are oaks, ashes, maples, elms, cherry, and walnut. Trunk slices from these trees are often too large for display where rings are usually too tight and light to easily count. The best tool for quickly felling a small tree is the standard curved large tooth pruning saw. A pruning saw will make quick work on a small trees base or when cutting larger branches. At this point, you need to make a decision on whether to cut the cookies without drying or dry larger poles for cutting cross-sections later. These poles should be cut into four-foot segments with no end less than 2 inches in diameter. The ideal slice size for quick production and use for a classroom is about the diameter of a soda can. Slice the logs into cookie segments between 1 to 2 inches thick. Use the same pruning saw or, for a fine surface, use a motor-driven saw such as a radial arm saw. Drying Logs in a Kiln or Under Sheltered Storage Kiln-drying short poles can be a more involved step to carry out but make for a much better tree slice specimen. A sawmill yard supervisor can dry your tree cookie logs in days using their lumber kiln. These logs will be sufficiently dry, feel much lighter and easier to cut with little to no chance of cracking. If you have time and a space you can set the logs in a dry, well-ventilated place for about a year. Drying Cookies From Green Trees Drying cookies cut from green trees is critical. If the sections are not dried properly, they will attract mold and fungus and lose bark. Store your cut cookies in a dry, well-ventilated surface under low humidity for three to ten days. Turn them over daily to allow both sides to dry. Placing them on a driveway on a sunny day also works. Cracking is a major problem if the cookie is not dried over sufficient time with adequate ventilation. Getting the perfect â€Å"uncracked† cookie is a challenge, and the best way to prevent cracking is to cut cookies from a dried, not green, log or branch. Remember that the smaller the cookie, the less likely cracking will occur. Try cutting cookies from dried limbs, as the grain is often tighter in the limbs than in the main stem. Curing Cookies Using PEG Good preserving with less cracking results when you soak fresh-cut green cookies in polyethylene glycol (PEG). PEG draws the water out and replaces it with the PEG, which is a waxy material with excellent wood stabilizing properties. It also is not cheap and should be used primarily for your best specimens. The disks from fresh-cut wood should be wrapped in plastic or immersed in water to keep in green condition until they can be treated. The PEG soaking time to obtain sufficient penetration against splitting and checking depends on the solution, the size, and thickness of the disks, and the species of wood. One month is usually sufficient soaking time and there is a drying time also associated.

Plato Euthyphro, Aristotle, Hobbes, Hume, Kant Assignment

Plato Euthyphro, Aristotle, Hobbes, Hume, Kant - Assignment Example 3. Socrates explains that the reactions or effects of things are different, as an action loved is said to be loved because someone is loving it. When someone does not love the action then it is not an action loved anymore. 1. Aristotle claims that we gain virtues by adaptation, and this I believe is true. I believe that humans are not naturally good or evil, we just absorb whatever it is that we are socially exposed to. As we mature, we learn to question things so we begin to choose for ourselves which are virtuous deeds and which are not, in our own perception. 2. I agree that there is no fixity with matters concerned with conduct and what’s good for us. As we mature, we, as humans learn how to preserve ourselves by accepting and rejecting beliefs that are beneficial for us. 3. Aristotle explains that virtuous men are only the ones capable of doing virtuous acts. I believe that virtuous men are more important than performing virtuous acts since it is a given that virtuous men will do virtuous acts but those who do virtuous acts may also do non-virtuous acts. 4. I find the premise rather contradictory. Aristotle states that the mean is between extremes but he says that there are some things that are wrong in all circumstances, such as adultery or stealing. According to Aristotle himself, we only adapt to our social environment, that’s how we learn virtues. One’s wrong may be one’s right and the differences in the opinion clouds the premise that some actions is always wrong. So then, wrong actions become wrong only because the social environment rejects the behavior. 1. Hobbes claims that men can be equal when a weaker man conspires with other weaker men or use machineries or such to fight a stronger man, whether it is physical or mental strength. And I agree with this since there are instances, like in wars

Good Samaritan Act - Reynoso v. Newman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Good Samaritan Act - Reynoso v. Newman - Essay Example With respect to the case, he was plaintiff and appellant. The defendant and respondent was Mr. Jeffrey L. Newman (FindLaw, â€Å"REYNOSO v. NEWMAN†). Outcome The Good Samaritan Laws are those that defend people who decide to serve others as similar to one who are injured or are ill. This law differs from one jurisdiction to another. The principles that pertains the Good Samaritan laws operate in countries such as Australia where the foundation of the legal system is the English Common Law. The case here is related to the Good Samaritan Act. Bruce Adams who was a DDS by his occupation had put his patient named Orlando Reynoso under general anesthesia. The reason behind this was that Mr. Adams wanted to perform oral surgery. According to the records, it is evident that San Diego county dentist has been administering the anesthesia as Reynoso was mentally retarded by birth. As a result he couldn’t sit calmly throughout the dental procedure. After Mr. Reynoso was sent to th e recovery room, it was recognized by the dentist that the oxygen saturation levels of the patient were low. Therefore, according to the recommendations of Dr. Lo, Reynoso was sent to the hospital for further treatment in which an aspiration related to blood might arise. Later Mr. Adams called up his friend, a physician named Jeffrey L. Newman, in order to gain second opinion. Mr. Newman arrived shortly after Mr. Adams called him.

The book the killer angels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The book the killer angels - Essay Example The story is characterized in a way that it is told from the  perspectives  of various  protagonists. Thus, this battle, fought for both freedom as well as the way of life, proved to be a very tough one as is shown by history. Michael Shaara (1928-88) was an eminent American author, was known for his fiction works based on the fields of science, sports fiction as well as history. He was born in Jersey City, New Jersey, to an Italian family who had immigrated to America. He completed his graduation in the year 1915 from the Rutgers University. An important part of his life was his rendering of service to the 82nd Airborne division as a very determined and courageous sergeant. Shaara always harboured the desire to transform his feelings and emotions into words, and this influenced him to author a story of historical significance, which portrayed exactly what the people felt about the war. Therefore, the story is an insight into what the emotions and feelings people had under the situation of war and also what was the cause for the war. Summary: ‘The Killer Angels’ is an apt example of how language and writing can change the perspectives of people regarding a particular thing. This fictional story about the Civil War and especially the Gettysburg battle of 1863, brings to fore the perceptions of active members in the war, such as the generals and union generals namely: James Longstreet and Robert E. Lee as well as John Buford and Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain. The story Shaara tells seems to be more informative about the Gettysburg battle than any other non-fiction work on the same. Col. Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, one of the characters in the story, is seen to be a very highly inspiring figure, with â€Å"his Twentieth Maine Infantry Regiment† kept the left flank of the union safe and secure during the second day of the battle (Latham II). It is only with the help of this unit that the people were able to get an upper hand against the reb els at Little Round Top. This novel finds place in the hearts of civil war readers under the category of non-fictional works. This is so due to the fact that the way Shaara has portrayed the characters, there exists a high level of accuracy behind it as compared to the real events. Another reason is that the author has successfully made an account of important turning points that changed the fate of the Battle of Gettysburg. It comes as no surprise that a curious reader will definitely be left with the desire to know more about the battles as well as Civil War described in the novel. There are a lot of people who think that reading history is a process that involves nothing but getting bored, this book is more than enough to prove those notions wrong. The book also opposes another belief that historical writing holds, which is that readers interested in war novels are more inclined to know things from the perspective of the common soldier and not the generals, who are blessed to sta y in the dignified atmosphere of rear headquarters, moving armies around like chess pieces. For anyone who thinks the fighting at Gettysburg was simply a large battle in a big field, Shaara has painted a moving picture of the three-day battle that reveals not only the elaborateness of the  Civil War, but the personal lives and thoughts of the men who fought in it. By taking first-hand accounts written in journals and letters, Shaara has intertwined a piece of historical fiction. The

Boomers may be inventing aging Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Boomers may be inventing aging - Essay Example Volunteering is a common aspect in both cohorts. However, boomers have more opportunities to render service to their families or community. Many youths are either in college or not attached to any visible opportunity to deliver service. Moreover, unlike boomers, millennial don’t get families at their 20s. The current technological advancements opportunities and potential crises provoke boomers to totally change aging in America. As matter of fact, boomer population is relatively higher than the previous generation. With life expectancy rising, boomers will definitely remain active past their 65th birthday to reduce dependency levels. Notably, boomers have impacted a significant change in every level of their growth. At their forties, this generation could be found in class trying to catch their young counterparts. Additionally retirement no longer depends on age and most boomers are willing and able to volunteer upon their retirement. Its time America reaps from other cultures and learns to accept the opinions of the experienced generation, given that boomers tend to actively contribute to political and managerial decision making. Moreover, following the saving schemes introduced during their middle ages, boomers are capable of purchasing their Medicare hence expected life span. Rema rkably, their savings and old age activeness positively impacts on economic growth. In a nutshell, boomers resemble the millennial in many ways, portraying activeness in their old age. In the next few decades, aging would no longer be associated with dependency but increased socio-economic

Schizophrenia Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Schizophrenia - Article Example Positive Symptoms include delusions and hallucinations because the patient has lost touch with reality in certain important ways. Delusions cause the patient to believe that people are reading their thoughts or plotting against them, that others are secretly monitoring and threatening them, or that they can control other peoples minds. Hallucinations cause people to hear or see things that are not there. Disorganized Symptoms include confused thinking and speech, and behavior that do not make sense. For instance, people with schizophrenia sometimes have trouble communicating in coherent sentences or carrying on conversations with others; move more slowly, repeat rhythmic gestures or make movements such as walking in circles or pacing; and have difficulty making sense of everyday sights, sounds and feelings. Negative Symptoms include emotional flatness or lack of expression, an inability to start and follow through with activities, speech that is brief and lacks content, and a lack of pleasure or interest in life (NAMI, 2006). The older standard (‘Typical’) anti-psychotic drugs, though effective, are associated with a range of distressing side-effects which can result in constant twitching/fidgeting, writhing and disjointed movements. However, newer (‘Atypical’) anti-psychotic drugs are designed to offer control of symptoms and less of these disabling side-effects. National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), , Schizophrenia (2006) 4 December 2006.

Boomers may be inventing aging Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Boomers may be inventing aging - Essay Example Volunteering is a common aspect in both cohorts. However, boomers have more opportunities to render service to their families or community. Many youths are either in college or not attached to any visible opportunity to deliver service. Moreover, unlike boomers, millennial don’t get families at their 20s. The current technological advancements opportunities and potential crises provoke boomers to totally change aging in America. As matter of fact, boomer population is relatively higher than the previous generation. With life expectancy rising, boomers will definitely remain active past their 65th birthday to reduce dependency levels. Notably, boomers have impacted a significant change in every level of their growth. At their forties, this generation could be found in class trying to catch their young counterparts. Additionally retirement no longer depends on age and most boomers are willing and able to volunteer upon their retirement. Its time America reaps from other cultures and learns to accept the opinions of the experienced generation, given that boomers tend to actively contribute to political and managerial decision making. Moreover, following the saving schemes introduced during their middle ages, boomers are capable of purchasing their Medicare hence expected life span. Rema rkably, their savings and old age activeness positively impacts on economic growth. In a nutshell, boomers resemble the millennial in many ways, portraying activeness in their old age. In the next few decades, aging would no longer be associated with dependency but increased socio-economic

Religious Identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Religious Identity - Essay Example Religious identity thus refers to â€Å"a people’s ways of relating to their religion, including their association with a certain religious community, the strength of their belief in the preferred religion, and their ways of demonstrating those beliefs in their day to day lives.† It can be equated to membership to a religious grouping or community, this being regardless of the person’s religious activity or participation. It may be referred to as a specific type of Identity formation focusing mainly on group membership and the importance of the membership as pertaining to self-conception of the individual. Similar to either cultural or ethnic identities, the religious context provides generally a perception from which to view the world, a set of principles of guiding one’s lifestyle and the myriad of opportunities available of socialization with different people, generational differences regarded. As a whole, religious identity is affected by factors such as a person’s gender, generational status and ethnicity.... Religion is intricately intertwined with various aspects in the socio-cultural arena, that the above three factors are always present in the shaping of an individual’s religious identity. Ethnic differences; according to the Social Identity Theory, emerge when individuals of ethnic minority groups feel threatened in terms of identity, thus reasons for their emphasis on their social identities as a means of maintaining positive self-conception. Gender differences may impact on one’s religious identity; this being exemplified through the characteristic participation of the female gender in religious activities and in their expression of religion as being an important aspect of their lives, this being in relation to their male counterparts (Bryan Chosley Shepherd; The University of Texas at Austin. Sociology 32). Generational differences, categorized as either being first, second and third, where the first and second-generation individuals may have higher levels of religio us identity as compared to their third generation counterparts. Immigrants, in efforts of readjustments to the often-stressful changes associated with immigration, highly seek an environment provided by a place of worship that encompasses a community of emotional, financial and social support. Focus is placed on the stages of Adolescence and early Adulthood since adolescence is a developmental period that is crucial to an individual’s identity development. At this stage, there are various opportunities for the exploration of the ethnic, cultural and religious traditions present in the individual’s society, but within constraints erected by their parents or guardians. Influences can be both internal and external; depending on extent/exposure of socialization

Accreditation Process Essay Example for Free

Accreditation Process Essay Accreditation refers to the recognition given to institutions which have fully met specific standards of educational quality by an agency or an association. In the US, the relevant agencies undertake a review of education quality at all levels including elementary, secondary, colleges and universities. The agencies set basic standards reflecting the qualities of sound educational programs (Hasley et al, 1986 pp 66). They then develop procedures aimed at determining whether the institutions and programs meet the set standards. Many other countries lack accreditation systems like those used in the US and instead rely mainly on government agencies to check their education quality and standards. In Canada, provincial government authorities work closely with private educational associations in periodically assessing the quality of universities, colleges and schools. Accreditation offers standards of excellence that help in encouraging educational institutions in improving their programs. It also provides accountability for institutions’ educational policy, and creates criteria for certifying professions like medicine and law.   Furthermore, it helps prospective students to identify quality institutions, while facilitating student transfer from an institution to another. Accreditation is also among the factors used in determining the institutions and programs eligible for receiving federal and private funds. The accreditation procedure for any agency entails five fundamental stages, each of which has many other subtasks under it. First, the agency must establish the criteria or standards of academic excellence in consultation with the educational institution being accredited. The second stage involves development of procedures enabling institutions to evaluate themselves deeply, to help in determining if they meet the set accreditation standards or not. In case they do not meet the established standards, the institutions must go back to the drawing board and make the necessary adjustments and improvements to satisfy the required demands. Depending on the level of compliance, this may require the institution to invest some more time and resources and resources into it. Thirdly, the agency performs an evaluation aimed at determining first-hand if the institution really meets the set standards. This involves examining the institution’s facilities as well as its resources, both physical and human. This is done until the agency is fully convinced that the institution meets its minimum requirements. The evaluation is done by the agencies’ experts, who are usually armed with specific requirements for accreditation. Fourthly, the agency then grants the accreditation to the institution after it is convinced that the necessary requirements have been met. It then publishes a list of institutions that have met similar requirements and have been awarded accreditation by the agency, including the time of the accreditation. Finally, the agency periodically reviews these institutions to find out if they still maintain educational quality standards. This is done to ensure the institutions do not compromise on the quality of educational standards. All accreditation agencies utilize these steps even though inspection procedures and specific criteria differ depending on the agency. Current issues in the accreditation process Problems of the Law School Accreditation Process For the past ten or so years, the American Bar Association’s accrediting arm has faced a lot of criticism with regard to its standards. The association has been accused of having poorly monitored standards that are not related to law school quality (Marty et al, 1991). Critics are of the view that ABA’s accreditation standards lack correlation with professional competence and institutional quality. The accreditation process puts emphasis on high cost inputs; like requirements for physical facilities, library collections and the number of professors available. Moreover, it considers test scores at law school admission, which has been criticized as not being related to professional skills and academic achievement. The association has also been accused of restricting low income students and minorities by putting too much emphasis on standardized tests as well as raising tuition fees (Luebchow, 2007). The critics have accused the ABA of being inconsistent and using secret rules, which are not made public or disclosed to schools, to make accreditation decisions. The Department of Education has also complained about ABA’s failure in abiding by the department’s specific requirements (Hagan, 2004 pp201). The Congress has also raised concerns about the association’s accreditation. Both the federal officials and law schools have often disapproved ABA’s accreditation process from the early 1990s. The Massachusetts School of Law, which has itself not been accredited, has for long strongly criticized the association. In 1993 the school sued ABA citing violation of antitrust law because it functioned as a cartel and set unfair standards that only raised costs, yet were not connected to law school quality. The Justice Department filed a similar suit in 1994, leading to a ten year consent decree, which is now defunct (Hagan, 2004). The Education Department has also crossed heads with the association over its failure to comply with the department’s criteria for recognition since the 1990s. These deficiencies led to the limiting of the association’s recognition to just three years in 1997. Later in 1998, the Education Department’s staff recommended the limiting, suspending or terminating the association’s recognition as nationally recognized accreditation agency (Luebchow, 2007).

Analysis of Tescos Online Marketing Strategy

Analysis of Tescos Online Marketing Strategy The Importance of online shopping in todays modern era is a fact that all organizations realize and amalgamate in their systems. The fast attractive, handy and approachable nature of online shopping is a revelation and must be said an incredible beginning to the innovations in the modern days. People can find what they need easily while surfing from the convenience of their homes, and they can search for varieties as well as look for desirable discounts related to different products. However, it is important to realize that there are certain cons related with the idea of internet shopping as some people still believe that internet shopping is more risky than traditional shopping due to the lack of opportunity to physically examine the product and the lack of personal contact. Goldsmith and Goldsmith (2002); Phau Poon (2000). The immensity of the potential of the Internet in business transactions is undeniable in the modern age (Cheung and Lee, 2006). However, like all other technology, the pros and cons of Internet as a business medium are also widely accepted by consumers as well as marketers, as while buyers can shop literally around the clock they may also have to deal with enormous amounts of unwanted information about products (Huang, Chung and Chen, 2003). Hence, the need to critically examine the viability of this medium is crucially important for founding basis of future business environment (Clewley, Chen and Liu, 2009). Indeed the most interesting feature of this new dimension of marketing and strategy-building is the behaviour of the consumers, which shows that online shopping the most popular purpose of Internet usage among common consumers (Forsythe and Shi, 2003). This has also increased scope of research on the subject of strategies used by firms in retaining customers through the Internet (Reibstein, 2002; Jiang and Rosenbloom, 2005), which are now much important (Ellis-Chadwick, Doherty and Anastasakis, 2007). Aim and Scope of the Research: The focus and scope of this research will revolve around Tesco which is one of the UKs retailing giants and enjoys a huge presence in the UK due to its wide scope network of retailing activities. This research aims at identifying and highlighting the marketing strategy of Tesco and the way it can cope with the industry norms and standards. The focus of the marketing strategy will be on the e marketing or digital marketing framework applicable in the industry and how Tesco can use the internet to market and sell its product along with widespread promotional campaigns and identification of the buying behaviours. It is important to realize that Tesco being a huge retail industry in the United Kingdom has a huge responsibility on its shoulder in order to cater to the needs of its customers who are the key stakeholders in Tescos marketing strategies. SMART Objectives: Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic Timed The Aim of this research shall be relevant to the SMART objectives OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH: The Primary objective is to make the consumers of the Tesco products beware of the online marketing tool. Another objective is to measure the performance of the online profiling through internet surveys and consumers analysis of the products. Make efforts to increase the internet consumption through online marketing tools and advertising through a wide range of media players. Making a timely and budgeted forecasts of the efforts needed in internet marketing and the tools that are required for the effective internet marketing. Making realistic goals related to the efficiency of the marketing strategies and their effectiveness in bringing the internet to the consumers door step. Research Questions: Following are the proposed research questions for the study: How has IT helped Tesco in strategic customer retention over the years? What are the key determinants of success for Tescos online marketing strategy? What are the fundamental elements of the e-marketing strategy of Tesco? What are the future prospects of online marketing for Tesco? Primary Research and Data Analysis: The primary research will be done through interviews and questionnaires that will focus on how the consumers think about the online shopping and what motivates and influences them to shop online from Tesco.com. The data analysis will be done in order to gain influential insights into the marketing strategies of Tesco and online marketing strategies and what should be done to impact the international arena. Realizations of the buying behaviours is always crucial when doing the primary research as we will study in this literature that buying behaviours varies with respect to the demographics as well as it influences the external environment. This is also very significant due to the marketability of the tesco products as well as knowing that some people are not particularly confident while buying online while others prefer to buy online. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Tesco being the leading food retailers in the United Kingdom and Ireland has its branches all over the UK. The company excels in the provision of quality food items and other retail households. The companys annual online sales exceeded an overwhelming $ 5 billion where as Tesco.com is known as the worlds largest online grocer. The customer base that is attracted by Tesco is a little less than 1 million and more than 250,000 orders that are being completed each week. The company has a very effective and integrated supply chain that consists of 1900 vans that operate and approx. 300 stores and 9000 pickers. The company dominated in the offline and online grocery market and has looked for other areas that need expansion, with a market share of UK retailing being 12.5%. The main competitor of tesco in the retail industry network is Asda, Morrisons, and Sainsbury. The Asda , that is owned by the US corporation Wall Mart since the year 1999 is the only super market that has been a major co mpetitor for Tesco. Wall Mart being the biggest food chain in the world has the annual sales that is eight times that of tesco, where as the clothing firm own by ASDA known as George provides a diverse range of clothing in the UK and there are plans for the company to takeover Matalan, i.e. the giant clothing and home furnishing store. The other major competitors to Tesco are Sainsbury that used to be the UK s biggest grocer until 1995, when Tesco emerged as the leading grocer. However, despite the drastic declines in the performances of Sainsbury it is known that ASDAs share being 16.6% compared to Sainsburys 16.22% i.e. not far behind. However, there are seemingly diverse growth opportunities for Tesco in the retail industry as Tesco believes that if there is any market share left there is also a potential for growth and expansion. In order to have a detailed and proper understanding of the online marketing policy as an analyst or a practitioner it is important to have a detailed study on the choices made by the organizations and also have an understanding of their behaviours. Shapiro, J.C hoque,K Keesler, I Richardson, R (2008). There are also some challenges faced by the company in online selling i.e. how to succeed without having huge expenses. The course of this literature will focus primarily on the online marketing strategies for Tesco, but it is foremost and important to discuss the technological drivers of change in the process. This is a fact that the UK internet penetration was almost 64% and the Irelands internet penetration was almost 51% , however, these results make very clear statements for new an d emerging online shopping markets. The company also relishes creating a valuable and sustainable supply chain, however, the company didnt have to change its supply chain due to its new strategy, but there was a need for more to be done in the area of online marketing. Tesco also defined and redefined the customer needs and also expanded the range of products being offered online and fulfilment of the needs. This new strategy also helped tesco immensely in the expansion of the product line without making any drastic changes. 2.1 Digital Marketing: Tesco can use digital marketing with good effect to add value to the marketing strategies and promotional benefits. Although the company has a huge global presence but the growing age of the internet as a medium can be used much more effectively by the company. They can e-market and launch their upcoming products and sell it with a bigger and better effect. They must also look at the competitors digital marketing strategies and analyse the pros and cons of e marketing as a tool. The global companies like ASDA, Sainsbury and Morrison are competitors of Tesco and they have a global presence as they use digital marketing with huge effect. 2.2 Creative Marketing: Marketing itself is a very creative and innovative field with various applications and implications. However, creative marketing is something different and innovative than any other type of marketing. Tesco being a global brand has a big brand name as well as a brand image. To maintain this company must influence its marketing team to be creative and innovative by bringing various dimensions into the marketing strategies. Creativity will bring more enhancements and attractiveness into the diverse range of products that the company deals in. They can also bring competition in creativity by selling best ideas and rewarding those ideas accordingly. Creativity always influences the customer and selling strategies always lay a desirable impact on the sales and productivity of any firm. This literature will discuss how digital marketing and creative marketing aspects can be used by Tesco to influence the buying behaviour of their customers and target a huge audience. Online marketing is the best way to attract customers and have efficient and effective marketing strategies that will be sustainable for the companys growth in future. Its important to realize that marketing is a very tactical and at the same time somewhat technical approach to bringing customers closer to the brand and creating a brand image as well as an influence in the eyes of the key stakeholders i.e. the consumers. Hence it is critical to understand the consumer behaviour and how the customers influences are affected by the change in the companys strategy. A customers loyalty is significant to achieve milestones and targets that are influenced by goals and agendas that are critical in the longer run and demonstrates a significant thinking of the behavioural aspects of the consumers. The Importance of Brand Identity: Brand identity is one of the crucial elements in the value that a brand creates in terms of its marketability, accessibility, and competitiveness. Brand identity is a firms most valued assets that it can capitalize on to have profits for long periods as an identity is the most basic investment that a company makes to establish its brand image. A brand identity has a lot to do with the online marketing and promotional aspects of the company like the calibre and stature of Tesco. Attracting customers towards a specific brand is not the only way a company can take advantage of its brand image; it has also to focus on a strong employers brand. In totality it is important to realize that companies always capitalize on their initial marketing strategies, promotional campaigns and investments they make in their brand. Branding is a marketing strategy for creating, nurturing and even fostering the development of relevant and appropriate brand value propositions Abimbola, T Kocak, A(2007). Fig 1: Brand Image Model Consumer Behaviour: The consumer behaviour is the relation with the consumers responsiveness and their attitudes. It has to do with the consumers reaction to the different products that are being launched in the retail industry (Tesco) and the products that are more famous amongst the consumers. There is a relation to the demographics of the environment i.e. the composition of the age, sex, age groups, location and cultural diversities. Companies these days have become more and more feedback oriented. Lerman, D (2006) with the help of customer satisfaction surveys and questionnaires. Consumers perceptions may differ from loyalty because of ignorance or lack of salience of origin. Consumer behaviour is basically the identification of consumers attitude towards a specific brand and as according to MacInnis, H(2007) attitudes are important because they guide our thoughts i.e. the cognitive function, influence our feelings, i.e. the emotional intelligence and also affect our behaviour i.e. the cognitive function. Whatever the consumers of a certain product or influencing class decides which ads to read, whom to talk to, where to shop and where to eat is all based on the attitudes and their personal likings. This fact is similar in the case scenario of the all important retail industry where the trust factor is important as people most often dont trust the least known or not well known brands in the industry. Online marketing can play a very significant role regards to the key aspects concerned with consumer behaviour and consumer dynamics and it is critical to realize how the consumers think of a specific brand and its branding significance related to the industr y. Market Segmentation: Market segmentation is the defining and sub dividing a large common that into segments that are clearly identified and has similar requirements, and demand characteristics. These segmentations are made according to the diversities in the culture and the geographical norms. The four factors that has the most effects on the market are the clear identification of the segments, a measure of its effective size, accessibility through promotional efforts and appropriateness to the policies and the resources of the firm. The four basic market segmentation strategies are based on behavioural, demographic, psychographic and the geographical differences. Behavioural Intentions Behavioural intentions have a huge amount of significance regards to the behaviours of customers in terms of a brands image and its significance. Attribution theory is concerned with all the aspects of assigning casual inferences and how these particular interpretations influence behaviours. Swanson, S.R Davis, J.C(2003). The behavioural approach has a generalized focus on the market share, brand allegiance, exclusive purchase, and elasticity and/ or price until switching. Both the behavioural and the attitudinal approaches are have been given heavy criticism while the attitudinal approach has focused laid on the attitudes , the loyal and the disloyal acts , the brand preference of the consumers and the probability of purchase. White, C Yu, Y.T(2005). In the paradigm of the online marketing tools it is desirable and most significant to realize that how the behaviours and marketability aspects of the Tesco online products are grasped, evaluated and monitored by the consumers. Customer Satisfaction: Customer satisfaction holds vitality regards to the branding strategies as customers are the end users of a product. Customer satisfaction can be achieved through absolute customer focus and customer retention that can only be achieved if the needs of the customers are catered keeping in mind the productivity and brand loyalty aspects. According to Caruana, A(2002) the expectancy/ disconfirmation in the process theory provides a vast amount of satisfaction studies that rely heavily on expectations, performance ,disconfirmation and satisfaction. Fig 2: Customer Satisfaction model The above model for customer satisfaction shows the customer as the mediator between the service quality and the service loyalty aspects that are involved in a customer and their relationship with a company. Customer acts as a backbone to the branding strategies of a company as the customer are the opinion makers regards to brand significance and its vulnerability in a market.

Ethics of Genocide and Eugenics Essay -- Biology Medical Biomedical Ge

Gene Therapy: Genocide and Eugenics or Striving for a More Perfect Population Controversy and Ethics Just as there are different types of people who look at one glass of water and describe it as half full or half empty, the public has many different views on the future of our society. Gene therapy is also a glass that can be viewed in different angles – different perspectives. Some say it has great potential to shape the ideals of our future, while others believe it signifies intolerance for disabilities, imperfections that supposedly deplete from a person’s interests, opportunities and welfare (quoted by Peter Singer, xviii). This global issue has brought people with different opinions in the open, arguing their views using history, morality and foresight. â€Å"It is human nature to strive to improve everything.† (as quoted from Ron Harris by Singer, xxii) As the world moves forward in science and technology, it seems that only humans themselves are lagging behind. Success and perfection are so important as to even play a role in determining human characteristics – once thought to be inalterable – right down to gene selection. In our increasingly capitalist society, parents want their children to be born with as much an opportunity to excel as others. It is the same well-meaning motivation that drives parents to make more money to buy a bigger house in a better community, so their children could live better and attend a higher-scoring school (Singer xvi). So with equal or greater conviction, they want their children to be born with a relatively high IQ, good looks and a healthy body. This mentality is adequately represented by a website: ronsangels.com, which sells eggs of women â€Å"with beauty and brains† to the highest bidder (... ...ne starts life with an equal chance of health and success. Yet, gene therapy can also be thought of as a straight route towards a dark outlook, where perfection is the first priority, genes are seen as the ultimate puppeteer, and personal freedom to thrive based on one’s self isn’t believed to exist. With the emergence of each new technological discovery comes the emergence of each new ethical debate, and one day, each viewpoint on this momentous issue may be able to find a bit of truth in the other. Eventually, our society may reach a compromise on gene therapy. Bibliography: Cambridge. The Ethics of Inheritable Genetic Modification. Cambridge: Cambridge Universtiy Press, 2006. Rpt. in The Ethics of Inheritable Genetic Modification. Collins, Francis S. "Foreward." Playing God? 2003. By Ted Peters. 2nd ed. Great Britain: Routledge, 2003. Rpt. in Playing God?

Importance of Swot Analysis Essay

Why is the process of conducting an internal and external analysis on a regular basis important for any size company? The process of an internal and external analysis on a regular basis is important for any size company because it allows the company to know where it stands at the moment and determines the development and forecasts of those factors that will influence the organizational success. This is also known as environmental scanning where the external and the internal environments are scanned for information like ongoing trends patterns, occasions and changes going around and the effect it has to both these environments. External analysis: These analyses are performed outside the firm and depend on the following factors: a, MACRO: technological, demographic/economic, political/legal and social/cultural, national and global environment b. MICRO: competitors, suppliers, customers, publics, channels etc. Internal Analysis: This analysis is performed within the firm that includes the employees, management and the shareholders, resources, organisational structure etc. SWOT Analysis  The most common way of analyzing this external and internal environment is by performing the SWOT analysis. SWOT is an acronym used that describes Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats that are strategic elements for a firm. A SWOT analysis should not only result in the identification of a corporation’s core competencies, but also in the identification of opportunities that the firm is not currently able to take advantage of due to a lack of appropriate resources. (Wheelen, Hunger pg 107) The External analysis comprises of the Opportunities and Threats that the company needs to identify or focus on for its profitability and development of defensive actions. * Opportunities: This analyzes the area where the firm can identify its opportunities so as to have a competitive advantage over its competitors. Once identified, the firm has to work on them to make it one of its strengths. Its main aim is to find an area where they need to develop to be profitable. * Threats: These are the threats that the firm faces from outside the firm and can be from any of the external sources. The firm has to be prepared to tackle these threats by developing strategic decisions when required so that it does not affect their profitability or sales. The Internal analysis focuses on the internal environment of the organisation and analyzes the Strengths and Weaknesses of the company. * Strengths: These are the core competencies of the firm that provides them the advantage of achieving their goals. These should be aligned in meeting the customer requirements because at the end of the day, it is the customer whom they serve. Therefore, it should be customer focussed and market oriented. * Weaknesses: These refer to the firm’s limitations in fulfilling their strategic decisions or failure to implement them. It has to be analyzed from the customer’s point of view so as to get a clear idea. These steps need to analyze the firm’s resources and the capabilities to meet their goals and identify events and trends that might impact the strategic plans and decisions of the company.

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CURRICULUM VITAE GURPREET BANHAL E-mail: [email  protected] co. in H. NO. 665/19 Contact No. 01874-4694621 R. R COLONY GALI NO. 4 (M) : +91 8109192849 GURDASPUR (PUNJAB) CAREER OBJECTIVE: Seeking a position to utilize my skills and abilities in the Industry to achieve success and honors’ in my profession. WORKING EXPERIENCE: – JAMNA AUTO INDUSTRIES LTD. GWALIOR FROM (01AUG 2009 TO TILL DATE. ) EON INFOTECH LTD. CHANDIGARH FROM (24 MARCH 2008 TO 31JULY2009. ) Advance Diploma CADD ENGINEERING. From cdac mohali (CHANDIGARH). 2% (1 AUGUST2007 TO 31JANUARY 2008) ANAND NISHIKAWA CO. LTD (06 NOV2006 TO 31 JULY 2007) JAMNA AUTO INDUSTRIES LIMITED MALANPUR GWALIOR DESIGNATION:- ENGINEER(PRODUCT DESIGN) An ISO: 9002 & QS-9000 Certified Company in Design Collaboration with NHK Springs Ltd. , Japan Involved in Designing & Manufacturing of Automobile springs. JAI has tied up with Ridewell_Corporation of USA to manufacture Air Suspension, Bogie Suspension and Lift Axles in India. R idewell has more than 42 patents for various suspension products and is considered a leader in this field. Our Clients:-Indian clients; Export clients:- Tata Motors,Volvo asia Ashok Leyland, Nissan diesel(UD TRUCK) Maruti Suzuki, John-R (USA) Mahindra & Mahindra, AUTOMANN (USA) AMW, Navistar international truck corp. (USA) Eicher Motors, GAFFAR ,JORDAN Swaraj Mazda, etc. Hendrickson (USA), etc. Key Responsibilities: ? PRODUCT DESIGN OF PARABOLIC/CONVENTIONAL SPRINGS AT UNLADEN LOAD, RATED LOAD IN CATIAV5R19 ?PRODUCT COSTING, PRODUCT DESIGN, FEASIBILITY, COMPONENT COSTING, CUT WEIGHT COSTING OF STEEL USED. ? LOAD RATE CALCULATION, FATIGUE TESTING OF SPRING, RELIABILITY ENGINEERING , Durability / Fatigue / Life estimation . Design of test rigs and development of test plans . ? Analyzing the technical requirements and specifications for recommending design modifications of Assy. And components based on client requirements. ? Preparation of technical documentation, describing the specif ications/usage of products like, APQP, FMEA CONTROL PLAN, Feasibility report, ECN, , PFC ,TOOL DRAWING,GUAGES DRAWING,FIXTURE DRAWING etc. INVOLVE IN PPAP TRAILS, TOOL & DIE TRAILS, 5S maintaining ,REVERSE ENGINEERING OF parabolic spring/leaf spring. FIXTURE DESIGN,PLANT LAYOUT OF SHOP FLOOR, ? Designing through 3-D CAD model , Detailing / GD&T. ? Preparation of engineering drawings, PRODUCT DRAWING, ASSEMBLY DRAWING through AutoCAD2007, CATIAV5R19. ? Participating in project review meetings for tracking project progress & planning, etc. ? Identifying modification & their root causes to review product improvement. ? Preparing the Process drawing, component drawing TOOLING DESIGN IN CATIAV5R19. Adequate Knowledge of different SAP module, Creating BOM, Routing. ? FATIGUE TESTING OF LEAF SPRING/PARABOLIC SPRING ON SERVO ACTUATOR as per DVP. Project Handled: VA/VALUE ENGINEERING OF Parabolic Leaf Spring for INDIAN Clients TATA, ASHOK LEYLAND. – JOB PROFILE IN EON INFOTECH LIMITED MOHALI. (March24,2008 to31 july2009) ? Making 2D and 3d models , generating different views of drawings ? Product design & development of new component. ? Making assembly of chassis, exploded view. ? Prototype development, making bom, component development. ? Installation of ctu project handled. Follow up with vendors for new product design. ? PRODUCT COSTING OF CHASIS. CUT WT. CALCULATION ? Sheet metal component design for various pcb holding. ? JOB PROFILE IN ANCO :-(NOV 2006 TO 31JULY2007) ? â€Å"ANAND NISHIKAWA CO. LTD. †LALRU, CHANDIGARH (PUNJAB) in engineering department. The plant at this location deals with the production of ‘Rubber Seals’, DOOR RUBBER, WIND SHEILD, TRIM being used for automobile industry & having TS16949 certification. There my job responsibilities were : ? PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT OF PVC TRIM, DOOR TRIM . ? Die trials and rectification of Dies and keeping process data records. Responsible for daily work management. ? Responsible for contro l of process as per specifications/control plans and work instructions. ? To maintain work discipline and ensure harmony within the department by building team to obtain optimum results. ? To strive and achieve lower production cost. ? Deployment & full utilization of manpower in production. ? Handling shop floor activities and implementing effective techniques to bring efficiency in operations to improve quality standards & achieve maximum cost savings CADD SKILLS ? AutoCAD: – 2D, 3D Part Modeling, Dimensioning and Layout. Mechanical Designer: – 2D, 3D Part Modeling, Dimensioning and Layout. ? Autodesk Inventor: – 2D, 3D Part Modeling, Dimensioning and Layout. ? Pro-e3. 0 :- Sketch, part & assembly design, interactive & generative drafting ? CatiaV5R19 :- Part Design, Surface, Assembling Design, Generative Drafting, sheet metal design. EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: Advance Diploma in CAD ENGINEERING. From cdac mohali (CHANDIGARH). BTECH IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING F ROM B. C. E. T GURDASPUR SENIOR SECONDARY(NON-MEDICAL) FROM KVT GURDASPUR (CBSE BOARD) HIGHER SECONDARY FROM KVT GURDASPUR (CBSE BOARD)Eon InfoTech Limited is a technology company headquartered in the Northern Indian city of Chandigarh. Founded in 1997 by a team of first-generation entrepreneurs, it is today a 75-plus (and growing) tech team dedicated to providing cutting-edge Embedded, Networking and Information Technology Solutions to its clients. We specialize in delivering World Class Embedded software-based and VLSI design solutions. To this end, Eon owns a number of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) Role: Design Engineer Project Details handled in eon infotech limited. Project:Kavach Software’s used:Auto-cad,Duration: Completed Client: Indian Navy, GCF Team Size 3 Description: Kavach is a soft Kill antimissile system. In this project I design the †¢ Auxiliary console. †¢ Launcher interface unit. †¢ Power supply and communication unit. †¢ 19 inchesà ¢â‚¬â„¢ rack for full fitment of systems. Project:Gemini Software’s used:CATIAV5R19 Duration: 3 months Client: Indian Army Team Size 3 Description: Gemini is a counter RCIED system that is used to predestinate the RCIED’s. The equipment is mounted in 2. 5T vehicles.Project:ESS HOUSING Software’s used:AutoCAD, CATIAV5R19 Duration: 1 months Client: TBRL CHANDIGARH Team Size 2 Description: Ess an embeded security system is used as a communication module in agni 3. Project:VOYAGER BOX Software’s used:AutoCAD Duration: 2 months Client: CTU CHANDIGARH Team Size 1 Description: VOYAGER IS AN GPS/GPRS/GSM ENABLED BOX FOR THE BUS TRACKING SYSTEM. ACHIEVEMENTS & EXTRA CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES: ? Participate in youth parliament & project during school time. Participated in college & school level debates, GDs & various other competition. ? Stood first in Inter college Folk dance competition INDUSTRIAL TRAINING: †¢ Two months training in Northern Railways Mechanical Workshop AMRITSAR. †¢ Six month industrial training in BHUSHAN STEELS LTD. CHANDIGARH †¢ Project undertaken during training (To check the rejection against the total number of tubes manufactured) . ? Retrofitting and performance analysis of household refrigerator with CARE-30 AS refrigerant PERSONAL PROFILE: Name : Gurpreet Banhal .Father's Name : Sh. B. R banhal. Mother's Name : Smt. Amarjeet Kaur. Nationality : Indian. Date of Birth : 27th, august 1985. Hobbies : GYM, Playing cricket, listening music, net surfing etc. Languages Known : English, Hindi & Punjabi. passport no. : g0702016 Place : GWALIOR ( Gurpreet Banhal ).

Compare and Contrast the Ways in Which Shakespeare and Webster Present Hamlet and Bosola as Tragic Heroes. Essay

Bosola from Webster’s The Duchess of Malfi and Hamlet from Shakespeare’s Hamlet, both present elements of Aristotle’s model of the tragic hero; through both of the characters, Shakespeare and Webster use the features of the tragic hero to engage Elizabethan and Jacobean audiences in an exploration of issues linked to the Renaissance, religion and philosophy. This essay will explore how the playwrights present the tragic flaws in their heroes’ character and how they face struggles due to their inner conflict and may exhibit villainous behavior but are not complete tyrants. Greek philosopher Aristotle recorded his ideas about tragedy dramas and the ‘tragic hero’ in his noted book of literary theory titled Poetics (335 BCE), the book was rediscovered during the Renaissance and became commonly used as a playwriting manual. Aristotle stated that the tragic hero is a character of noble stature and has greatness but although they are seen as pre-emin ently great, they are not perfect. The tragic hero’s downfall will come down to being mainly of their own doing through the result of free choice rather than accident or villainy or some other malevolent fate. Aristotle characterised the tragic hero as displaying hamartia which is usually translated as tragic flaw. There is also some increase in awareness and a sense of discovery upon the part of the tragic hero. Hamlet’s biggest flaw in character is that he over philosophises and delays killing Claudius up until it is too late for his family and himself. After he decides Claudius is guilty of murdering his father, he still relents from taking his revenge, he says â€Å"Haste me to know ‘t, that I, with wings as swift/ As meditation or the thought of love/ May sweep to my revenge.† (Act I, scene V). This quote displays Hamlet’s deep desire for revenge, the words are powerful and using words such as ‘swift’ gives the impression that he will not delay in taking action sugge sting that he is ready, however the juxtaposing simile embedded within the quote is soft and suggests Hamlet’s cogitating over thoughts of love possibly his love for Ophelia, ‘meditation’ also implies that he dwells in deep thought. Hamlet procrastinates a lot throughout the play; Smith says that â€Å"due to his brooding and introspective nature, he often wrangles with language to help him understand a reality where he has little control. Hamlet’s famous â€Å"to be or not to be† soliloquy questions the righteousness of life over death in moral terms and discusses the many possible reasons for either living or dying†, this does however  show the audience Hamlet’s humanity, Shakespeare can also use his character to engage with the prevalent philosophical ideas during the Renaissance period; Judkins states that â€Å"the Renaissance embraces a series of religious, economic, and political changes which ripple into areas of science, literature, and philosophy†, at a time of change and new ideas many writers such as Shakespeare would have been interested in the ideas explored during the Renaissance and so create characters to reflect it. One example of Hamlet’s dilemma ref lecting the debates in Elizabethan society, is linked to morality and law; Hamlet finds himself torn between his desire for revenge but also his philosophizing over the futility of life; J. J. Lawlor argues that â€Å"the avenger delays, not from despair or indecision which are finally rejected in favour of the duty of revenge, but†¦ because there is a scruple about revenge itself†. Hence, Hamlet’s scrupling reflects a man trapped in changing times between the Medieval Age when bloody revenge was accepted and the Tudor era of legal reformation where private revenge was outlawed. Bosola also shows internal conflict which could imply that he fits Aristotle’s model of the tragic hero, however it is shown more through his asides rather than soliloquies as shown in Hamlet. Bosola is very bitter towards the system and the way the country is ruled, with those above him abusing their power; but still he continues to carry out his ways, due to his greed ‘poisoning’ his morals, it can be said he is plagued by his own melancholy and will only debate the consequences afterwards. Boas suggests that â€Å"the tragic hero is made to feel him-self caught in a situation over which he has little control but in which he must make some decision, however futile. But the unhappy out-come always emerges from his decision. He must choose and cannot choose we ll†, so although Bosola chooses to avenge the duchess he kills her, her children, Antonio and himself in the process. It could also be said that Bosola fails to redeem himself because his actions are driven by revenge, after he kills the Cardinal and Ferdinand he says, â€Å"Now my revenge is perfect. Sink, thou main cause/ Of my undoing! The last part of my life/ Hath done me best service† (Act V, Scene, V). Like Shakespeare, Webster’s presentation of inner conflict in his protagonist also seems to suggest that the path of private retribution is complex and will lead to destruction. Bosola does also come to terms with his fate; â€Å"existential nihilists claim that, to be honest, one must face the absurdity  of existence, that he/she will eventually die† (Unknown Author). Bosola states that people are merely the â€Å"stars tennis balls† (Act V, Scene IV) that a person’s fate is already mapped out and everything is inevitable so Bosola feels like a victim of circumstance. John F Buckingham states that perhaps there is also an â€Å"etymological significance in Webster’s adjustment of the source name, ‘Bozola’ to a new spelling that references the word ‘Bossola’; Italian for a mariner‘s compass, pointing up the irony that Bosola‘s own final journey is directionless, away from justice†. It could be said that Hamlet also comes to terms with his fate and carries it upon his shoulders like a burden. â€Å"The time is out of joint: O cursed spite, that ever I was born to set it right!† (Act I, Scene V), here it could be said that Hamlet indisputably feels that he was born to avenge his father’s death, thus he vows to dedicate his life to vengeance. In the final scene Hamlet realizes that a person should be ready to accept the undeniable fact that death will come; Hamlet says to Horatio, â€Å"There’s special providence in the fall of a sparrow. If it be now, ‘tis not to come; if it be not to come, it will be now; if it be not now, yet it will come. The readiness is all† (Act V, Scene II). Both Hamlet and Bosola show villainous behaviour, but it can be argued that they aren’t in fact completely evil. Hamlet soon finds himself acting upon passion and is â€Å"at least at crucial moments of his experience, passion’s slave, as in his castigation of Ophelia and, more tragically, in his murder of her father† (Allan). Hamlet is not a bad person yet the pressure and intensity of his vengeance tears away at him; he finds himself acting sometimes rashly and uncertainly, and in the case of Polonius’ murder, he does not initially show any signs of remorse as he looks down on him calling him a â€Å"wretched, rash, intruding fool† (Act III, Scene IV), which suggests he is almost saying it is Polonius’ fault for getting involved and does not take responsibility. Hamlet’s actions are caused by his desire to avenge his father the old king Hamlet who was murdered by his brother Claudius and so it could be argued that had Hamlet not known that Claudius murdered his father, he would not have carried out the murders and would therefore not be villainous, as Hamlet was loved by the people and was known to be a smart scholar who went to university. Shakespeare uses Ophelia to reflect these views when she says, â€Å"O what a noble mind is here o’erthrown† (Act III, Scene I). Hamlet did not intend on  hurting his loved ones in the beginning and should not be seen as ‘evil’ as his aims were to only avenge his father. Allan comments that, â€Å"violence of word and deed do not come naturally to [Hamlet’s] reflective and moral temperament†. On the other hand, critic Augustus Schlegel argues that â€Å"[Hamlet] has a natural inclination for crooked ways; he is a hypocrite towards himself; his far-fetched scruples are often mere pretexts to cover up his want of determination†, this suggests that Hamlet is just as Machiavellian as Claudius but this reading would be too simple, and doe s not consider the impact of Hamlet’s humanity which is evident in his delay and conflicting thoughts. Bosola however is more entangled in Machiavellian scheming, serving the Duchess’ brothers, the Cardinal and Ferdinand, and so it could be said that he is not in fact a villain but instead just a working man. Bosola refers to himself as their â€Å"creature† (Act I, Scene I) with its connotations of unthinking, loyalty and inhumanity, Bosola carries out their deeds for his own material gain seemingly regardless of his morals most likely due to his bitterness and discontent with social structure and other existing conditions. Bosola is a key part of the plot and acts as a spy and a murderer but although it was his choice to have this way of life, in the end he stands for his beliefs. Bosola has already been to prison which implies he is criminal, but during his asides, it is evident that he is not an evil assailant but a man doing a job, â€Å"For the good deed you have done me, I must do all the ill man can invent†. He recognizes the consequences of his actions and feels remorse, for example, when Bosola is ordered to kill the Duchess, he cannot face her as his true self due to his sympathy towards her and so he disguises himself; C. G. Thayer states that â€Å"having caused the Duchess so much agony already, [Bosola] cannot now bear to have her recognize him as he comes to supervise her murder, or, more simply, that he is ashamed to appear in his own shape†. This idea of the counterfeit shape links to Machiavellian ideas but also links to his own sense of morality and feeling towards the Duchess and Antonio and his shame for how he is ruining their family and lives. Bosola cannot be seen to be a villain completely as at the end of play he plans to kill the Cardinal for making him kill all those people and for committing crimes, hoping to help save Antonio, and although he kills Antonio accidently, he did change his ways and tried to help, this is an excellent example of how Bosola resembles the tragic hero  figure. In conclusion it is clear that Hamlet fits the model of the tragic hero and it is evident that Bosola also fits the characteristics of a tragic hero. Smith describes Hamlet as â€Å"the quintessential tragic hero. Not only does he begin with the noblest motivations but by the end, his situation is so dire that the only plausible final act should be his death†. If we consider Bosola as the malcontent of the play, the audience can see he tends to view things cynically, and makes numerous critical comments on the nature of Renaissance society. Bell states that â€Å"Bosola also acts as a choric figure at regular intervals during the play and he often makes judgements on the other characters and the series of events†. However despite these more seemingly malcontent traits, it is evident that he can also be seen as a figure resembling the tragic hero. Hamlet and Bosola both display a tragic flaw in character, both display villainous behavior yet it is clear that they both have a sense of morality, neither character realize the right thing to do until the end of both plays and so fail to attain happiness. Shakespeare and W ebster both use the traits of the tragic hero to engage in and explore topics which were being challenged and revamped by the discoveries of the Renaissance period. Bibliography Allan, Phillip. Hamlet: Phillip Allan Literature Guide for A-Level. Hodder Education: Oxford shire, 2011. Bell, Millicent. Hamlet, Revenge! The Hudson Review, Vol. 51, No. 2 (Summer, 1998), pp. 310-328. Boas, George. The Evolution of the Tragic Hero. The Carleton Drama Review, Vol. 1, No. 1, Greek Tragedy (1955 – 1956), pp. 5-21. Buckingham, John F. The Dangerous Edge of Things: John Webster’s Bosola in Context & Performance, 2011. Judkins, David. Life in Renaissance England [Online] available at: Lawlor, J.J. The Tragic Conflict in Hamlet. The Review of English Studies. R.E.S New Series, Vol 1, No. 2, 1950. Schelegel, Augustus William. Criticisms on Shakespeare’s Tragedies: Hamlet. Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature. London, 1846. Hamlet. Ed. Cyrus Hoy. Norton and Company: New York, 1992, pp. 155-7. Shakespeare, William. â€Å"Hamlet†. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Smith, Nicole. Shakespeare’s Hamlet as a Tragic Hero [Online] av ailable at: Thayer, C. G. The Ambiguity of Bosola. Studies in Philology, Vol. 54, No.2 (Apr., 1957), pp. 162-171. (Unknown Author) Nihilism [Online] available at: Webster, John. â€Å"The Duchess of Malfi†. London: Methuen drama, 2001.