How American History Is Constantly Challenged By African...

How Americans romanticize their history is constantly challenged by African American artist Kara Walker. Her controversial work has broken huge boundaries of race, gender, power and violence. But Walker’s art never had the intention of pleasing viewers or answering easy questions. Winning the John.D and Catherine T. Mac Arthur Foundations genius grant at only twenty seven years old, Walkers art has taunted Americans to recognize the legacy that slavery has left behind. A move to Atlanta, Georgia in Walkers adolescence exposed her to the southern bigotry that inspired her art in later years. However, only when she had completed her Masters of Fine arts in Rhode Island, did she introduce themes of race into her work. On the entry of her first major work in 1994, she says that much of her art work was exploring â€Å"†¦the problematics of making art as a young black woman when constantly barraged and faced with a bunch of stereotypes about what it even means†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (MoMA, Kara Walker). Kara Walkers art demonstrates that the racism seen a century ago is still present in American society today. The stereotype used frequently is the negress or black mistress, often over-sexualised and portrayed as a sex toy. Walker believes Western culture has created this specific representation of what it means to be black. Her work as a solo artist has been displayed in the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York and internationally the Tate Liverpool inShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCreating a Positive Work Environment 22 †¢ Improving Ethical Behavior 22 Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! Does National Culture Affect Organizational Practices? 30 Point/Counterpoint

Adolescence in the Bell Jar and Catcher in the Rye

Adolescence in the Bell Jar and Catcher in the Rye Adolescence in the Bell Jar and Catcher in the Rye Adolescence is the period between puberty and adulthood. Every teenager experience this moment in life differently some sail through happily to carry on with a peaceful life where as others are less fortunate and find that this moment is much more harder and stressful then they thought. Esther Greenwood and Holden Caulfield are one of the less fortunate and have bad experiences through their adolescent. Salinger and Plath present this in their novels Catcher in the Rye and The Bell Jar. Both novelists use first person narrative giving us as readers a more personal description about their story, involving us more into their†¦show more content†¦Esther also wants to loose her virginity so that she can be even with Buddy who presented himself as innocent and this annoyed Esther. Esther hears that women can be divided into two groups when it comes to sex: whores and virgins Eric believes that sex reduces women to animals and that nice girls should remain innocent Esther rejects this idea, she believes that she can have sex and not turn into a dirty animal and remain her dignity. Esther obsesses about losing her virginity and wanting it to be with someone who is very intelligent. Esther believes that when the event actually happens she will be transformed â€Å"I thought a spectacular change would come over me the day I crossed the boundary line.† Finally the moment she’d been waiting for had come with a man named Irwin who she met in Cambridge although it wasn’t what she had expected â€Å"Waiting for the miraculous change to make itself felt. But all I felt was a sharp, startlingly bad pain.† The night didn’t fulfil any intimacy or passion this mirrors with Holden’s near first encounter with Sunny. For a moment Esther didn’t even think that it happened because Irwin just got up and had a shower she only found out when she felt blood dripping down her leg. It probably didn’t even live up to her expectations but she was just relived that she was rid of it. â€Å"I couldn’t possibly be a virgin anymore. I smiled into the dark.† Esther’s reasons for wanting to loose her virginity are completelyShow MoreRelatedUnreliable Narrator Of John Allen Poe s The Catcher Rye 1326 Words   |  6 Pagesreader. They might be unable to distinguish between reality and imagination. Or, they are stricken with insanity. Edgar Allen Poe’s character Montresor is a prime example of an unreliable narrator. As is J. D. Salinger’s Holden Caulfield in The Catcher in Rye. However, it can be difficult to distinguish between what is a reliable narrator, and what is not. An unreliable narrator is one who cannot be trusted to tell the story in a factual manner. Their narration should be taken with a grain of saltRead MoreThe, Loss Suffered By Holden Acts As A Contributing Factor For His Inner Turmoil And Mental Illness2376 Words   |  10 Pageswould have liked him’ when personally addressing the reader. We therefore feel involved in his story and emotion is evoked when we hear of his passing. It also acts as an explanation for Holden’s difficulties. He struggles immensely throughout adolescence as he fails to accept the transition from childhood to adulthood, perhaps because he described Allie as ‘mature’ for his age. This could perhaps be why Holden has such negative associations with growing older: all he sees ahead is death. ThereforeRead MoreThe Hippie Counterculture Movement1751 Words   |  8 Pagesgraphics, with bloodshed and calamity everywhere; these children had their innocence taken at such a young age that the y were hesitant to cross the door of adulthood. Holden Caufield struggles with his transition from adolescence to adulthood evident in the 1950s novel Catcher in the Rye. His inner tension stems from his unsuccessful approach in connecting with people condensing him into a lonesome character who fosters psychological issues. His problem, however, arises from the childhood trauma ofRead MoreLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 Pages(1929)[29] Gone with the Wind, by Margaret Mitchell (1936) Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston (1936) Native Son by Richard Wright (1940) A Tree Grows in Brooklyn by Betty Smith (1943) The Green Years by A. J. Cronin (1944) The Catcher in the Rye, by J. D. Salinger (1951)[30] The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (for plot character Eustace Scrubb) by C. S. Lewis (1952) Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison (1952) In the Castle of My Skin, by George Lamming (1953)[31] Goodbye, Columbus, by Philip

Krystal D. Aaron Essay Example For Students

Krystal D. Aaron Essay 422-17-3246HY 201, section 2 April 4, 2004Martin Van Buren His Presidential Years1837 to 1841 picpicThe Eighth President of the United StatesIn the election of 1836, Van Buren won easily with 170 electoral votesagainst 73 for Harrison, 26 for White, 14 for Webster and 11 for Mangum. Inpopular votes Van Buren received a total of 764,176 votes compared to550,816 for Harrison, 146,107 for White and 41,201 for Webster. Major Issues of the Election of 1836Van Buren disagreed with Whig candidate William Henry Harrisonsrevenue-sharing scheme that would return federal surplus from the proceedsof federal lands directly back to the states. Harrison was willing torevive the Bank of the United States if the economy got out of control,while Van Buren opposed the Bank in all circumstances. While Harrisoncalled for a number of internal improvements, while Van Buren only intendedon federally funding projects that were truly national in scope. Van Burens major political opponents were: . William Henry Harrison (Whig) . Hugh Lawson White (Whig) . Daniel Webster (Whig) . Vice President: Richard Mentor Johnson (1780-1850) Martin Van Burens expertise as a political strategist which earned himthe name little magician was used to promote Andrew Jackson, but it wasof no use to him in furthering his own career as President. The mainproblem was the economic depression that persisted throughout most of hisadministration. He was further hampered by his taste for the finer thingsin life, which caused his critics to portray him as a dandy, indifferent tothe countrys sufferings. He was dubbed Martin Van Ruin for theseeconomic problems, even though they were already on the scene before hetook office. Almost at once a financial panic struck the nation. Bankers begged VanBuren for aid, but he pointed out that the crisis was due to ruinousspeculation. He insisted that government manipulation would only furtherweaken the economic structure. As a step to guard the nations own money,he repeatedly pressed Congress to set up an independent treasury. It wasvoted in 1840 but repealed in 1841. Van Buren attributed the Panic of 1837to the overexpansion of the credit and favored the independent treasury. In1840, he established a 10 hour day on public works. Van Buren also inherited from former president Jackson the SeminoleIndian War in Florida. The conflict, during which thousands of lives onboth sides were lost, cost the government between 40 and 60 milliondollars. Meanwhile Van Buren had to handle the undeclared Aroostook War, adispute between Maine and New Brunswick, Canada, over Maines northeastboundary on the Aroostook River. Maine called out troops in 1839, but VanBuren managed to have the quarrel settled by Britain and the United States. Van Burens calm approach to problems angered people who demanded quickaction. Despite heated public opinion he carefully weighed both sides ofany question. Today he is regarded as having been a sound statesman in atroubled era. Martin Van Buren was among the first American politicians tounderstand the role of political parties in a democracy. Before him,parties were viewed disdainfully as dangerous factions threatening theunity of society. The party competition of an earlier era, between theFederalists and Democrat Republicans, was barely tolerated, with those inpower tending to view the opposing party as traitors and often subjectingthem to persecution. Van Buren saw parties as salutary institutions withina working democracy, and as a New York state politician, he built the firstreal political party apparatus in the United States. The popular image of Andrew Jackson as the backwoods representative ofthe people was largely Van Burens invention, and Jacksons electoralvictories owed as much to Van Burens organizational skills as they did toJacksons charisma. In turn, Van Burens election in 1836 owed everythingto Jackson. Van Buren was Jacksons hand-picked successor, and he rode thatendorsement into office. But Jacksons reputation could not help Van Burensolve the economic depression that plagued his years in office. In the end,the genteel Van Buren became a victim of the very political techniques hehad developed for Jackson. In 1840 he was defeated for reelection by Whigcandidate William Henry Harrison, a backwoods Indian fighter who portrayedhimself (falsely) as a Jacksonian log-cabin and hard-cider representativeof the people. Memories of the financial crisis did not help him either. New England Patriarca Mafia EssayVan Buren was not in Washington when the affair broke; he wascampaigning in upstate New York. His cabinet therefore formulated theadministrations initial response: meeting in mid-September, they tookForsyths lead and arranged for federal authorities to support Spanishdemands that the slaves be returned to Cuba to face trial as murderers andpirates. Van Buren soon returned to the capital, but he seems to have paidlittle attention to the matter, letting Forsyth continue to handle thesituation. The president did not replace any judges in the case. But he didput federal attorneys on the case and he did sign off on an effort to havethe Africans shipped immediately to Cuba if the court found for theadministration, before any appeals could be filed. In sum, Van Buren wantedthis problem to go away, cleanly and quietly. From his point of view, thiswas not only a potential diplomatic crisis with Spain, but morefundamentally a slave revolt a dangerous provoca tion to southernersalready unsettled by the rise of northern abolitionism. The Trail of TearsThe major conflict of the Van Buren administration was the Trail ofTears march. The forced removal of some 18,000 Cherokees, most fromGeorgia, to the Indian Territory west of the Mississippi, was ordered byPresident Jackson, but executed during the term of President Van Buren. Though the removal was widely denounced by humanists and constitutionalexperts, and despite the Supreme Courts ruling that the Indians had thelegal right to remain at their ancestral homes, President Jackson orderedthe army, under the leadership of General Winfield Scott, to move theIndians out of Georgia; and when Van Buren came into power, he did notinterfere with this policy, despite its frequent criticism. During themarch, many Indians died of starvation, heat-induced diseases, and over-exposure to cold, leading Indians to name the long journey The Trail ofTearsThough Van Buren did not do anything about the forced march that hispredecessor had begun, he had the opportunity, the encouragement, and thepower to do so. Jackson had begun the march against the wishes of most ofhis colleges, and, even if it had been generally accepted that the marchwas a good and necessary thing, which it had not, Van Buren probably couldhave stopped it. However, by declining to take action, Van Buren a dvancedthe views of Jackson, while foregoing the will of the general public. Theother war Van Buren was involved in was the Indian War in 1835. TheSeminoles, who didnt want to move west, revolted with a force of 2,000Seminoles fighting a guerrilla war. The people did not support the war,because it drained funds that could be used on them. Martin Van Burens term as President was one full of many dilemmas anda lot of adversity, thus he was not re-elected. BibliographyMartin Van Buren, The autobiography of Martin Van Buren. (ed John C. Fitzpatrick). (New York,A.M. Kelley, 1969). Donald Cole, American National Biography; Dictionary of American Biography;Martin Van Buren and the American Political System. Princeton:Princeton University Press, 1984. Glyndon Van Deusen, Thurlow Weed: Wizard of the Lobby (Boston, 1947). Robert Remini, Martin Van Buren and the Making of the Democratic Party; NewYork: ColumbiaUniversity Press, 1959.pic

International Studies H Essays - ArabIsraeli Conflict,

International Studies H Middle East Peace Process The Middle East, or referred as the Near East, has long been one of the world's centers of perpetual instability. The world focuses on this specific region for its warfare between the Arabs and Israelis. The Arabs - Israeli roots of conflict are severely deep, even going back as far as biblical times. Historically the Jews claimed the area called Palestine as their homeland by citing the Old Testament of the Bible as God giving them the right to the promise land. In like fashion, the Arabs claim rights to the land citing various historical precedents from biblical times.1 In addition to complicating this religious issue, modern day Christian claims to biblical sites such as Jerusalem, which is a city both the Jews and Arabs define as central ground for their religious and culture. Thus, the Middle East is an area entangled in complicated, deeply rooted nationalistic claims to religious and ethic groups. The Middle East's incredible vast wealth of oil makes the area an extremely substantial area for the industrialized world5, and unceasingly under foreign interventions. The superpower influence that has been exerted on the Middle East has visibly heightened tension to such level that war has broken out over a short period of time. Foreign interventions have both hindered and helped the quest for peace. During the early 1900's, the majority of Middle East was under the soon-to-be extinct Ottoman Empire, in which nearly all regions were dominated by Arabs. While planning for WWI peace treaties, Great Britain proclaimed the Balfour Declaration in 1917, which stated that Britain will create a national homeland for the Jews.2 Following WWI, Palestine became a mandate of Great Britain under the authority of the League of Nations. A limited number of Jews were privileged to enter Palestine, and Jews felt that Britain should be more effective in bringing Jews in. At the same time, the Arabs wanted no part in Jewish immigration to a nation they viewed as their homeland. And during the next couple decades, the violence, hatred, and bloodshed escalated to unimaginable heights. Following WWII, Great Britain decided to withdraw its troops from Palestine and disregard the responsibility given by the League of Nations for its inability to contain the endless violence between the Palestinians and the Jews.5 In an attempt to settle disputes and a solution, the United Nations suggested in 1947 that Palestine be partitioned between the Jews and the Arabs.3 When it became clear that the British intended to leave by May 15, leaders of the Yishuv decided to implement that part of the partition plan calling for establishment of a Jewish state. In Tel Aviv on May 14 the Provisional State Council, formerly the National Council, representing the Jewish people in Palestine and the World Zionist Movement, proclaimed the establishment of the Jewish State in Palestine, to be called Medinat Israel (the State of Israel)... open to the immigration of Jews from all the countries of their dispersion.6 The guerrilla warfare immediately intensified between the latter. On May 14, 1948, the Arabs were no match for the Jewish forces and the Jewish state of Israel was declared. First Middle East War The First Middle East War took place during the time of 1948 to 1949. The Arab's goal was to eliminate the Jewish threat in Palestine. And the Israeli's objective was to maintain existing position in Palestine, and hopefully to expand to reclaim what they considered to be their rightful homeland in the Middle East. Initially, the Egyptian and Jordanian forces advance on Israel. The Israelis effectively repelled the attacks and moved to invade Arab territory. Soon the Israeli forces became victorious and declared its independence. The Jews controlled 77% of Palestinian Land and over one million Palestinians were forced out of their country.4 Following the war, U.N. negotiator Dr. Ralph Bunche encouraged the two nations to sign a truce.3 The consequences and implications of the First Middle East War were significant. The Israeli victory encourages an influx of Jewish immigrants from around the globe to Palestine. Arabs are now considered as refugees in their former homeland. The West Band became under the Jordanian control, and the Gaza Strip becomes under the Egyptian control. The United States begin to